Kwinkqubo yehlabathi yokungena kwimarike emanyeneyo yehlabathi, iti, njengekofu, i-cocoa kunye nezinye iziselo, iye yanconywa kakhulu ngamazwe aseNtshona kwaye iye yaba sesona siselo sikhulu kwihlabathi.
Ngokwezibalo zamva nje ze-International Tea Council, ngo-2017, indawo yokutyala iti yehlabathi ifikelele kwi-4.89 yezigidi zeehektare, imveliso yeti yayiziitoni ze-5.812 yezigidi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweti yehlabathi jikelele kwakuyi-5.571 yezigidi zeetoni.Ukuchasana phakathi kwemveliso yeti yehlabathi kunye nentengiso kusabonakala.Ukukhula kweti yehlabathi ikakhulu kuvela eTshayina naseIndiya.I-China iye yaba lelona lizwe livelisa iti likhulu ehlabathini.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuhlela nokuhlalutya imveliso yeti yehlabathi kunye nepateni yorhwebo, ukubamba ngokucacileyo iintsingiselo eziguquguqukayo zeshishini leti lehlabathi, kubaluleke kakhulu ekujongeni amathemba ophuhliso kunye neentsingiselo zepatheni yorhwebo yoshishino lweti yaseTshayina, isikhokelo sobonelelo- uhlaziyo lwezakhiwo zecala, kunye nokuphucula ukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe lweti yaseTshayina.
★Umthamo wentengiso yeti wehlile
Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezisuka kwi-United Nations Food and Agriculture Statistics Database, kweli nqanaba kukho amazwe angama-49 avelisa iti, kwaye amazwe asebenzisa iti agubungela amazwe angama-205 kunye nemimandla kumazwekazi amahlanu.Ukusukela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2016, urhwebo lweti lwehlabathi lulonke lubonise ukuthambekela okunyukayo kunye nokuhla.Urhwebo lweti lwehlabathi lulonke lunyuke ukusuka kwi-2.807 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2000 ukuya kwi-3.4423 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2016, ukwanda kwe-22.61%.Phakathi kwazo, ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kunyuke ukusuka kwi-1,343,200 yeetoni ngowama-2000 ukuya kwi-1,741,300 yeetoni ngowama-2016, ukwanda ngama-29.64%;ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunyuke ukusuka kwi-1,464,300 yeetoni ngowama-2000 ukuya kwi-1,701,100 yeetoni ngowama-2016, ukwanda nge-16.17%.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umthamo wokurhweba ngeti yehlabathi sele uqalile ukubonisa ukuhla.Umthamo wentengiso yeti iyonke ngo-2016 yehle ngeetoni ezingama-163,000 xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo ngo-2015, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-4.52%.Phakathi kwabo, umthamo wokungenisa wehla ngeetoni ze-114,500 xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo kwi-2015, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka we-6.17%, kunye nomthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wehla ngeetoni ezingama-41,100 xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo le-2015, unyaka-on- unyaka wehle nge-2.77%.Umsantsa phakathi komthamo wokungenisa kunye nomthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle uya ucutheka ngokuqhubekayo.
★Ukusasazwa kwelizwekazi lorhwebo lweti kutshintshile
Ngotshintsho ekusebenziseni iti kunye nemveliso, umthamo worhwebo lweti phakathi kwamazwekazi uphuhlise ngokufanelekileyo.Ngo-2000, iti yase-Asiya ethunyelwa ngaphandle yabalelwa kwi-66% yeti ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yokuthumela iti ehlabathini, ilandelwa yi-Afrika nge-24%, iYurophu nge-5%, iMelika ikwi-4%, kunye ne-Oceania 1%.Ngo-2016, iti yase-Asia ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle njengesabelo sokuthengiswa kweti kumazwe angaphandle kwehlabathi kwehle ngeepesenti ezi-4 ukuya kuma-62%.I-Afrika, iYurophu kunye neMelika zonke zinyuke kancinci, zinyuka ukuya kuma-25%, 7%, kunye ne-6% ngokulandelanayo.Umyinge weti ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Oceania kwihlabathi phantse ubeyinto encinci, yehla ukuya kwi-0.25 yezigidi zeetoni.Inokufunyanwa ukuba iAsia kunye neAfrika ngawona mazwekazi athumela iti.
Ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2016, ukuthunyelwa kweti ye-Asia kumazwe angaphandle kubalele ngaphezu kwe-50% yokuthunyelwa kweti kwihlabathi.Nangona umlinganiselo wehlile kule minyaka yakutsha nje, iselelona lizwekazi likhulu lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweti;I-Afrika lilizwekazi lesibini ngobukhulu kumazwe athumela iti kumazwe angaphandle.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iti Umyinge wezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle wenyuka kancinci.
Ngokwembono yokungeniswa kweti evela kumazwekazi onke, ukuthengiswa kwe-Asia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kubalelwa malunga ne-3%.Ngo-2000, yayisele ifikelele kwi-36%.Ngo-2016, iye yonyuka yaya kutsho kuma-45%, ibe sesona siseko sehlabathi singenisa iti;IYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuthengwa kwe-China kumazwe angaphandle kubalelwa kwi-64% ye-tea ephuma ngaphandle kwehlabathi, eyehla ukuya kwi-36% ngo-2000, eyayithelekiseka ne-Asiya, kwaye yehla ukuya kwi-30% ngo-2016;Ukuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwe-Afrika kwehle kancinci ukusuka kowama-2000 ukuya kowama-2016, kwehle ukusuka kwi-17% ukuya kwi-14%;Ukuthengiswa kweti kweMelika kubalelwa kwisabelo sehlabathi jikelele ngokungaguqukiyo, kusekho malunga ne-10%.Ukungeniswa kwempahla evela e-Oceania kwanda ukusuka kwi-2000 ukuya kwi-2016, kodwa isabelo sayo emhlabeni sehla kancinci.Inokufunyanwa ukuba i-Asiya kunye neYurophu zezona zizwe zizwe zingenisa iti emhlabeni jikelele, kwaye indlela yokungenisa iti eYurophu nase-Asiya ibonisa umkhwa "wokuncipha kunye nokwanda".I-Asiya iyodlula iYurophu ukuba ibe lelona lizwekazi likhulu lokungenisa iti.
★Ukuxinana kweentengiso zeti kunye neemarike ezithumela ngaphandle kugxininiswe
Abona bantu bathengisa iti kumazwe angaphandle abahlanu ngo-2016 yayiyiChina, iKenya, iSri Lanka, i-Indiya ne-Argentina, ezithengisela iti kumazwe angaphandle zibe yi-72.03% yeitotali zeti ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.Abona bantu balishumi abaphezulu abathumela iti kumazwe angaphandle babalelwa kuma-85.20% emveliso yeti ethunyelwa ngaphandle.Kunokufunyanwa ukuba amazwe asakhasayo ngawona athumela iti kumazwe angaphandle.Amazwe alishumi aphezulu athumela iti kumazwe angaphandle ngawo onke amazwe asaphuhlayo, nto leyo ehambelana nomthetho worhwebo lwehlabathi, oko kukuthi, amazwe asakhasayo ngawongamele imarike yemathiriyeli ekrwada enexabiso elongeziweyo.I-Sri Lanka, i-Indiya, i-Indonesia, iTanzania kunye namanye amazwe abone ukuhla kokuthunyelwa kweti kumazwe angaphandle.Phakathi kwabo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-Indonesia kwehle nge-17.12%, iSri Lanka, i-Indiya, neTanzania yehla nge-5.91%, i-1.96%, kunye ne-10.24%, ngokulandelanayo.
Ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2016, urhwebo lweti lwase-China lwaqhubeka lukhula, kwaye uphuhliso lwentengiso yokuthumela iti kumazwe angaphandle lwaluphezulu kakhulu kunorhwebo lwangaphandle kwangelo xesha linye.Ngokukodwa emva kokujoyina i-WTO, amathuba amaninzi adalwe kurhwebo lweti lwaseTshayina.Ngo-2015, iChina yaba lelona lizwe lithumela iti ngaphandle okokuqala.Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kweti yelizwe lam kuye kwanda kumazwe angama-130 kunye nemimandla, ngokukodwa ukuthunyelwa kweti eluhlaza.Iimakethi zokuthumela ngaphandle zigxile kakhulu eNtshona, eMntla, eAfrika, eAsia nakwamanye amazwe nakwimimandla, ngakumbi iMorocco, iJapan, iUzbekistan, iUnited States, iRussia, iHong Kong, iSenegal, iGhana, iMauritani, njl.
Amazwe amahlanu aphezulu angenisa iti kumazwe angaphandle ngo-2016 yayiyiPakistan, iRashiya, iUnited States, iUnited Kingdom kunye neUnited Arab Emirates.Ukuthengwa kweti kumazwe angaphandle kubalelwa kuma-39.38% exabiso lilonke lehlabathi elithengiweyo iti, kwaye amazwe alishumi aphezulu angenisa iti athatha ama-57.48%.Amazwe asaphuhlayo abonisa ukuba uninzi lwamazwe alishumi aphezulu angenisa iti kumazwe angaphandle, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngophuhliso loqoqosho oluqhubekayo, ukuselwa kweti kumazwe asakhasayo nako kuyanda ngokuthe ngcembe.I-Russia lelona lizwe lithengi iti kunye nomrhwebi weti kumazwe angaphandle.I-95% yabemi bayo banomkhuba wokusela iti.Iye yaba lelona lizwe lingenisa iti kumazwe angaphandle ukusukela ngo-2000. IPakistan ikhule ngokukhawuleza ekusetyenzisweni kweti kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Ngo-2016, yadlula iRashiya ukuba ibe yeyona tiyi inkulu ehlabathini.ilizwe lokungenisa elizweni.
Amazwe aphuhlileyo, i-United States, i-United Kingdom, kunye neJamani nawo angawona angenisa iti kumazwe angaphandle.I-United States kunye ne-United Kingdom zezinye zabathengi nabathengi abaphambili behlabathi, bangenisa iti phantse kuwo onke amazwe avelisa iti ehlabathini.Ngo-2014, i-United States yodlula i-United Kingdom okokuqala, yaba lilizwe lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ongenisa iti ngaphandle kwe-Russia ne-Pakistan.Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kweti yaseTshayina kubalelwa kuphela kwi-3.64% yexabiso leti epheleleyo yehlabathi.Kwakukho amazwe angama-46 (imimandla).Awona mahlakani aphambili orhwebo namazwe angaphandle ibiyiSri Lanka, iTaiwan, neIndiya.Aba bathathu bebonke babalelwa malunga nama-80% eChina iyonke iti ethengwayo ngaphandle.Kwangaxeshanye, ukuthengiswa kweti eTshayina kumazwe angaphandle kuphantsi kakhulu kunokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweti.Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kweti yaseTshayina kuphela kwi-18.81% yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ebonisa ukuba iti yenye yeemveliso eziphambili zezolimo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwetiyi yaseChina zifumana utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-17-2021
